Based in Bakersfield, CA, Aegeus Inspection Solutions offers non-destructive testing, inspection, and engineering solutions. With over 40 years experience, they serve energy, defense, aerospace, and civil sectors, focusing on asset integrity and safety. They provide customized programs to enhance operational efficiency, product quality, and regulatory adherence.
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Ultrasonic Testing Companies
Last updated: January 2026
This directory lists 69 ultrasonic testing companies across the United States, from small regional field service providers focusing on conventional contact UT to large multi-location NDT laboratories specializing in advanced techniques like automated PAUT and immersion testing.
Buyers engage ultrasonic testing companies to solve a range of critical problems: ensuring regulatory compliance, extending the lifespan of aging assets through proactive corrosion mapping, preventing catastrophic failures by detecting fatigue cracks or lamellar tearing in welds, and validating the structural integrity of new fabrications. The demand often revolves around precise flaw detection, accurate defect sizing, and comprehensive data integrity to inform critical engineering decisions.
Supplier types in this space generally fall into a few categories: general NDT service providers offering a suite of testing methods (including UT), specialized ultrasonic testing firms focusing exclusively on advanced techniques like PAUT and TOFD, and integrated engineering/inspection companies that combine NDT with structural analysis. Key differentiators include the depth of their advanced technique offerings, experience with specific materials (e.g., composites, high-alloy steels), their mobility for field services versus lab-based testing, and the level of data analysis and reporting they provide.
To ensure a successful engagement, buyers should prepare detailed project specifications, including material type, component geometry, desired inspection coverage, acceptable defect criteria, and relevant industry codes (e.g., API 1104, ASME Section V). Suppliers, in turn, expect clarity on the inspection objectives, access requirements for the test article, and the specific deliverables, which often include C-scan or B-scan images, detailed defect reports, and comprehensive procedural documentation.
Company Directory
69 companies nationwide
Aerohoff Inspection Services offers comprehensive Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) solutions, specializing in advanced Level 3 ultrasonic testing (UT). They utilize technologies like MAUS to perform critical inspections for various industrial applications, including wind turbines, prioritizing customer safety and detailed analysis.
Based in Concord, CA, Automated Inspection Systems is a consulting engineering firm specializing in Automated Ultrasonic Testing (AUT). They provide comprehensive AUT solutions, including customized software, hardware, and scanning devices. The company serves diverse industrial sectors, also offering expertise, training, and field service support.
Based in Opa-locka, FL, ALX NDT SERVICES, LLC provides comprehensive non-destructive testing. Specializing in Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Eddy Current (ET), Visual (VT), Penetrant (PT), and Magnetic Particle (MT), the company holds FAA and EASA certifications. They serve military, Boeing, and Airbus clients, offering field and AOG inspections.
American Precise Testing LLC specializes in providing high-quality Nondestructive Testing (NDT) solutions for critical industries, including aerospace, defense, manufacturing, and energy. Their certified team offers services such as radiographic, penetrant, magnetic particle, and visual inspections, ensuring parts meet stringent safety and compliance standards.
Based in Norman, OK, Aerospace Testing Services (ATS) is an FAA-approved Part 145 Repair Station. They specialize in aerospace component testing and repair, offering a range of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) services including Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Magnetic Particle Testing, and Liquid Penetrant Testing to ensure aircraft reliability and safety.
Based in San Antonio, TX, BRL NDT SERVICES is a certified FAA 145 Repair Station. They provide comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT), specializing in ultrasonic (straight, angle beam, phased array), magnetic particle, penetrant, and radiographic testing. Serving power generation, oil/gas, and manufacturing industries, they ensure crucial quality assurance.
Based in Paramount, CA, California Testing & Inspections is an engineering firm dedicated to public safety. They offer comprehensive materials testing laboratory services and field inspections. The company ensures projects adhere to plans and code specifications, supporting construction and engineering integrity through various essential testing methodologies.
Based in Orange, CA, Crest Inspection and Consulting NDT specializes in comprehensive non-destructive testing services. Offerings include Level III UT, Phased Array (PAUT), Full Matrix Capture (FMC/TFM), Linear Array, and Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD). Serving power generation, petrochemical, aerospace, and manufacturing sectors, they provide expert inspection, training, and consulting.
Based in Benicia, CA, Critical Weld Inspections, Inc. specializes in comprehensive Nondestructive Examination (NDE) services. Their offerings include Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Radiographic, Magnetic Particle, and Liquid Penetrant Testing, alongside Certified Welding Inspection. They serve the petrochemical, power, pipeline, and structural industries.
Based in San Diego, Decisive Testing, Inc. provides comprehensive Non-Destructive Testing (NDT/NDE) and X-Ray inspection services. Founded in 1968, their capabilities have expanded to include nearly all forms of non-destructive testing, GPR, and utility locating, serving both residential and commercial customers.
Based in Jacksonville, FL, Dynamic Non-Destructive Testing Inc. provides comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT) services. They specialize in Ultrasonic Testing (UT), including conventional, Phased Array (PAUT), and Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) for flaw detection, thickness measurement, and material integrity assessments for various industrial clients.
Based in Rolling Meadows, IL, Emtex NDT provides comprehensive non-destructive testing and consulting services. The company specializes in advanced ultrasonic testing, including phased array and shear wave UT, for assets such as heat exchangers, pressure vessels, and piping. Emtex NDT serves the oil and gas, power, chemical, and manufacturing industries.
Based in Mountain View, CA, Fusion Technology Welding Inspection offers advanced ultrasonic testing (UT) for weld and material integrity. The company provides comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT) services, including phased array (PAUT). They serve industrial clients, ensuring quality and safety with certified inspectors.
Based in Danvers, MA, Hansen Aerospace LLC specializes in certified non-destructive testing (NDT) and inspection services. With over four decades of experience, the company provides high-quality testing for parts and materials across aerospace, defense, power generation, medical, nuclear, and automotive markets.
Based in Seattle, WA, International Inspection LLC offers ultrasonic testing and NDT services. Their certified Level II and Level III inspectors assess materials for thickness, defects, and adhesion bonds. The company primarily serves marine, cell tower, wind turbine, and concrete industries along the West and Gulf Coasts.
Based in Norton Shores, MI, Industrial Inspection & Consulting LLC offers non-destructive testing, specializing in Ultrasonic Testing. They also provide Industrial X-ray, CT Scanning, and Dye Penetrant. Serving aerospace, automotive, and medical sectors, the company is ASNT/NAS410 and ISO/IEC 17025 accredited.
Infinita Lab provides comprehensive material testing services, including ASTM and ISO metrology, to industrial and commercial clients. The company delivers accurate and reliable results for various material testing needs, ensuring scalability and confidentiality for its customers.
Based in Hatfield, PA, Lab Testing Inc. is a Nadcap & A2LA accredited lab offering contact and high-speed immersion ultrasonic testing services on metal materials. The company specializes in non-destructive testing, material testing, and calibration for mission-critical industries such as aerospace and military.
Based in Houston, TX, Material Inspection Tech Inc (MIT) provides comprehensive material inspection services, including Non-Destructive Examination (NDE), Quality Assurance (QA), and welding inspection. They customize solutions to meet specific project certification needs and timeframes, adhering to common industry codes.
Based in Fort Worth, TX, NDE Labs Inc offers comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT) services. Specializing in asset integrity across various industries, the company provides quality inspections including conventional ultrasonic testing (UT), advanced phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), and time of flight diffraction (TOFD).
NDT Texas LLC, based in Houston, TX, provides comprehensive nondestructive testing (NDT) services. The company specializes in Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Radiographic Testing (RT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), and Magnetic Particle Testing (MT). They also supply a wide range of NDT equipment and accessories to the industry.
Based in Houston, TX, NDT Consultancy Services Inc. provides comprehensive Ultrasonic Testing (UT) services. They specialize in thickness measurement, manual shear wave examination of weldments, and NDT Level III services. The company also offers professional ultrasonic training to support the industry.
Non Destructive Testing Professionals L.L.C. provides on-site non-destructive testing services, specializing in Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Visual Testing (VT), Penetrant Testing (PT), Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), and Phased Array (PA) inspections. The company offers UT shear wave testing and serves industries including wind turbines and pipelines.
Based in New Richmond, Wisconsin, NDT Solutions, LLC offers comprehensive nondestructive testing (NDT) inspection services, including specialized ultrasonic testing. They develop and deploy innovative NDT systems, such as automated ultrasonic scanning systems and immersion tanks. Serving aerospace, defense, energy, and transportation sectors, the company also provides NDT consulting.
Nextant Aerospace, based in Cleveland, OH, offers comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT) services, including ultrasonic testing (UT), eddy current, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual inspection. They provide NDT for general, commercial, and military aircraft parts, either at their facility or on-site, complementing structural and component repairs and engineering.
National Inspection Service, based in Fort Worth, TX, provides advanced ultrasonic testing services to the midstream oil and gas industry. They specialize in Phased Array UT, alongside radiography, magnetic particle, positive material identification, and penetrant testing. The company serves hundreds of clients across the United States.
Based in Roseville, CA, Nor-Cal Pipeline Services specializes in pipeline integrity and maintenance, operating across the Western United States. The company provides comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT) services, prominently featuring Ultrasonic Testing (UT) for assessing the safety and integrity of pipeline infrastructure.
Based in Lafayette, LA, Peak NDT Solutions provides comprehensive NDT services, specializing in Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT). Their certified team offers 24/7 expertise across Louisiana and Texas, ensuring equipment and workplace safety.
Powers Engineering & Inspection, Inc. provides comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT) and engineering services from American Canyon, CA. Their ASNT-certified staff conduct quality NDT inspections for tanks, pipes, and pressure vessels, adhering to API and STI codes. They also offer 3D laser scanning and point cloud analysis, leveraging over 25 years of experience.
Based in League City, TX, Pro-Surve Technical Services, LLC. (PSTS) provides advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) and inspection services. Their offerings include conventional ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle inspection, and Phased Array Ultrasonics (PAUT), focusing on asset integrity, safety, and compliance for various industries.
PROtect provides precise, API-certified Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) inspections to maintain asset integrity. They utilize cutting-edge technology and remote field testing to deliver thorough and reliable assessments. Specializing in advanced inspection techniques, PROtect helps clients ensure the safety and longevity of their critical infrastructure.
Based in Oxnard, CA, Regional NDT provides comprehensive non-destructive testing and inspection services. They specialize in conventional and phased array ultrasonic testing (UT/PAUT), plus magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, visual, and radiographic testing. The company delivers critical integrity assessments and compliance solutions for various industrial sectors.
Based in Johnstown, PA, RNDT, Inc. specializes in comprehensive nondestructive testing and inspection services. They offer conventional and advanced ultrasonic testing, including Phased Array (PAUT) and Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD). RNDT also performs radiographic, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant inspections.
Based in Chesapeake, VA, SI-TECH TESTING LABORATORIES provides comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT) services, specializing in Ultrasonic Testing (UT). They also offer Magnetic Particle, Liquid Penetrant, Radiographic, and Visual Inspection. The company supports various industrial sectors with quality assurance and control services.
Based in Signal Hill, CA, Sterling Inspection LLC is a full-service Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and weld inspection company. They specialize in Ultrasonic Testing (UT), including Straight beam and Shear-wave methods, to detect internal flaws. This veteran-owned firm serves diverse sectors like construction, oil, manufacturing, and marine.
Based in Pasadena, TX, TechCorr provides Asset Integrity Management and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) services. The company inspects, tests, and evaluates critical assets across diverse industries. Capabilities include Guided Wave Testing for assessing pipes and identifying corrosion under insulation, ensuring efficient operations.
Based in Houston, TX, Turbo Non-Destructive Testing, Inc. provides a comprehensive array of non-destructive testing services. They specialize in ultrasonic inspection, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and hardness testing. The company serves the oil & gas, pipeline, power generation, and chemical industries.
Based in Indianapolis, IN, Ultrasonic Services Plus Inc. delivers certified nondestructive testing and inspection services across North America. Their expertise includes Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI), Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI), Radiographic Testing (RT), and Visual Inspection (VT).
Ultrasonic Guided Wave LLC. specializes in Long Range Ultrasonic (LRUT) non-destructive pipeline analysis. The company provides comprehensive ultrasonic testing services, focusing on pipeline inspection. They are experts in long range ultrasonic techniques, offering detailed assessments for industrial clients.
Based in Genessee, PA, U.S. Inspection & NDT offers comprehensive nondestructive and visual testing services, specializing in Ultrasonic Testing (UT). Additional services include Liquid Penetrant (PT), Magnetic Particle (MT), and Radiographic Testing (RT). They serve industries such as construction, manufacturing, oil & gas, and aviation.
Based in West Valley City, UT, US NDT offers over 35 years of reliable non-destructive testing services across the United States. They specialize in comprehensive ultrasonic testing, including phased array ultrasound, alongside magnetic particle, penetrant, eddy current, and radiographic testing methods for various industries.
WELD Inspection & Certification LLC provides high-quality steel inspection services, specializing in comprehensive Non-Destructive Testing. Their NDT capabilities include Visual, Ultrasonic, Magnetic Particle, and Liquid Penetrant Testing, alongside Certified Welding Inspection and Welder Qualification. They serve the Dallas, Austin, and San Antonio areas.
Based in Fulshear, TX, Ekoscan NDT Solutions provides advanced ultrasonic testing services for industrial inspection. The company specializes in Automated UT, Phased Array UT, and Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD), offering comprehensive solutions that include consulting, on-site training, and detailed data analysis and reporting.
IRISNDT specializes in non-destructive testing (NDT), inspection, and integrity engineering services. They provide advanced techniques, including ultrasonic testing, to detect flaws in components and welds for industries like refinery, power generation, and aerospace. With operations across North America, the UK, and Australia, they support construction and maintenance.
Based in Sterling, MA, NDT Corporation provides non-destructive testing for concrete and subsurface infrastructure. Specializing in ultrasonic methods like Pulse Velocity, Impact Echo, and Ultrasonic Thickness (UT) testing, they deliver quantitative data. This supports condition assessment, repair design, and asset management for bridges, buildings, and foundations.
SOCOTEC US provides comprehensive Nondestructive Testing (NDT) services, including specialized ultrasonic testing, radiography, magnetic particles, eddy current, penetrant, and visual inspections. The company ensures asset integrity and safety for clients across various industrial sectors, delivering critical testing solutions to meet stringent requirements.
Based in Tomball, TX, Acuren provides integrated nondestructive testing (NDT) solutions, including engineering inspection and rope access services. With over 5470 professionals across North America, they specialize in enhancing reliability and minimizing downtime for clients in various industrial sectors through advanced NDT.
Based in South Windsor, CT, Aerospace Testing Lab specializes in providing comprehensive Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) services, including ultrasonic testing. The company offers fast, reliable inspection services with its team of available inspectors, catering primarily to the aerospace industry.
AES NDT provides comprehensive non-destructive testing services, prioritizing the quality of inspection for its clients. Based in Torrance, CA, the company offers effective NDT solutions while emphasizing safety on every job.
Based in Miamisburg, Ohio, American Testing Services specializes in non-destructive testing (NDT) solutions, including ultrasonic, eddy current, and radiographic inspections. The company provides a range of services for products and infrastructure, alongside metallurgy, training, equipment calibration, and consulting.
Based in Krum, TX, Arc Inspection Services provides comprehensive non-destructive testing and weld inspection solutions. With over 30 years of experience, they offer 24/7 services to ensure weld integrity and regulatory compliance. The company leverages advanced technology, including X-ray, for meticulous examination of welds within pipelines.
Based in Alexandria, VA, Applied Technical Services (ATS) provides Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) services. They specialize in ultrasonic testing (UT) to detect flaws, take dimensional measurements, and perform material characterization for various industrial applications.
Contact Ultrasonics & Inspection Consulting Inc. provides industrial nondestructive testing services, including Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Radiographic Testing (RT), Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), and Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT). They offer Level III consulting and safety inspections for upstream and downstream clients such as drilling rigs, chemical plants, and fabrication shops, ensuring code compliance.
Based in Nampa, ID, DR Pipeline, Inc. specializes in comprehensive pipeline integrity and non-destructive testing (NDT) services. They provide ultrasonic thickness and flaw detection for pipelines, alongside API inspection and integrity management. The company supports the safety and efficiency of critical pipeline infrastructure across the United States.
Element Rancho Dominguez is a US-based laboratory providing comprehensive materials testing, inspection, and certification services. This facility specializes in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), offering advanced ultrasonic testing (UT) solutions for industrial sectors. They utilize precise analytical techniques to ensure product integrity and safety.
Based in Englewood, CO, Intermountain Testing Company offers comprehensive non-destructive testing services, prominently featuring ultrasonic testing. They specialize in detecting, locating, and evaluating internal discontinuities in metals and various materials. Other services include visual testing, radiography, eddy current, liquid penetrant, and welding qualifications.
Based in Sun Valley, CA, L.A. X-RAY provides NADCAP approved and FAA certified Non Destructive Testing (NDT) and inspection services. They offer comprehensive structural inspection, real-time radiography, and analysis of internal structures, welds, castings, and composites. Services extend to corporate, commercial, and government clients across various industries.
Mitchell Laboratories, based in South Gate, CA, offers comprehensive Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) services. Serving visionary clients in aerospace, exploration, and national security, the company ensures the integrity and safety of critical components. Mitchell Laboratories specializes in expert testing solutions for advanced industrial projects.
Based in Beltsville, MD, MQC Labs, Inc. provides full-service nondestructive testing with 40 years of experience. They offer comprehensive shop and field ultrasonic testing, including automated through transmission and pulse echo methods. The company also specializes in advanced digital radiography, computed tomography, and computed radiography.
ND Testing Inc., based in Fontana, CA, specializes in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). They offer Ultrasonic Testing (UT) services, using high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws, measure thickness, and assess component integrity. Radiographic, Liquid Penetrant, and Magnetic Particle inspections are also provided.
Based in Hollywood, FL, QC Laboratories, Inc. provides non-destructive testing (NDT) services, specializing in Ultrasonic Testing (UT). Since 1965, they offer lab and field UT solutions. Capabilities include Eddy Current, Magnetic Particle Testing, and NDT for additive manufacturing.
Based in Canton, Ohio, Solmet Technologies directly provides contact ultrasonic testing services within its nondestructive testing division. The company also offers a range of manufacturing services, including forging, CNC machining, deep hole drilling, and metallurgical solutions, serving various industrial clients with precision and expertise.
Based in Wilmington, NC, Sonic Systems provides Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) services, including Automated Ultrasonic Inspection Testing (AUT) and Magnetic Particle Testing (MT). The company offers highly trained talent and technology support for critical energy facilities and heavy industries.
Based in Conroe, TX, Sound NDT Solutions provides expert Level III and onsite Non-Destructive Testing services. They specialize in meeting the unique needs of conventional, nuclear, and renewable power generation industries.
Based in San Leandro, CA, Testing Engineers Inc. provides comprehensive materials testing and engineering services. The firm specializes in various non-destructive testing methods, including ultrasonic testing, for industrial and commercial clients. They offer expertise and capabilities to assess material integrity and ensure product quality.
Applus+ Laboratories provides comprehensive testing, inspection, and certification services, including Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Based in Troy, MI, the company offers materials testing, structural testing, cybersecurity evaluations, and product certification. They serve a wide range of industries such as aerospace, automotive, medical devices, and construction, ensuring compliance and quality.
Integrity Testlabs, LLC, based in New Castle, DE, specializes in a wide range of non-destructive testing (NDT) services. The company offers advanced ultrasonic testing (UT) for material integrity assessment, flaw detection, and thickness measurement. They provide critical inspection solutions for industrial clients ensuring compliance and structural reliability.
MISTRAS Group provides comprehensive asset protection solutions, specializing in non-destructive testing (NDT) services. They offer a vast suite of traditional NDT solutions, including field inspections and lab testing, to protect critical assets across various industries globally.
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How to Choose a Company
- Verify the supplier's specific technical capabilities. For complex geometries, thick sections, or challenging weld inspections, prioritize providers with proven expertise in Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) or Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD), not just conventional contact UT. Ask for case studies relevant to your material and application.
- Assess their technician certification levels and accreditations. For critical applications (e.g., aerospace, nuclear, pipeline), require technicians certified to ASNT SNT-TC-1A Level II or III, PCN, or ISO 9712 for the specific UT method. For aerospace components, confirm Nadcap NDT accreditation is in place.
- Evaluate their data acquisition, analysis, and reporting capabilities. Ensure they can provide not just pass/fail reports, but detailed B-scan or C-scan images, precise defect sizing (length, depth, height), location mapping, and a comprehensive inspection procedure with calibration records, all in a format compatible with your internal systems.
- Inquire about their experience with your specific material and defect types. Testing austenitic stainless steel welds for intergranular stress corrosion cracking requires different probe frequencies, angles, and data interpretation than detecting porosity in cast iron or delaminations in composites. Experience here significantly impacts accuracy and reliability.
- Beware of providers who quote significantly lower than competitors without clarifying their specific technique or technician certification level. A common gotcha is receiving a quote for conventional UT when an advanced method like PAUT or TOFD is truly required for adequate defect characterization, or utilizing Level I technicians for complex defect analysis which is beyond their scope.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I choose between conventional UT, PAUT, and TOFD for my application?
Conventional UT is often sufficient for basic thickness gauging or detecting gross flaws in simple geometries. However, for precise defect sizing, improved probability of detection in complex welds, or when real-time imaging is beneficial, Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) offers advantages by steering and focusing beams electronically. For highly accurate defect height sizing, especially in thick sections or for planar defects, Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) is generally superior, though it requires specific setups. Your choice depends on the material, geometry, type of defect anticipated, and the level of data detail required for your engineering assessment.
What key information should I expect in a comprehensive UT inspection report?
A comprehensive UT report should include the inspection procedure, equipment used (transducer type, frequency, calibration block), technician qualifications, environmental conditions, and detailed findings. Crucially, it should present raw A-scan data, B-scan or C-scan images (if PAUT/TOFD), clear identification and mapping of any detected flaws, including their precise location, size (length, height, width), and characterization (e.g., porosity, crack, lack of fusion). All reports should reference the applicable code or standard against which the acceptance criteria were applied.
Are all UT technicians equally qualified, or should I look for specific certifications?
Not all UT technicians are equally qualified. You should always look for specific certifications relevant to the inspection requirements. The most common is ASNT SNT-TC-1A, with Level II technicians being qualified to set up and calibrate equipment, conduct tests, and interpret results, while Level III technicians are responsible for developing procedures, supervising Level IIs, and overall program management. For international projects, ISO 9712 or PCN certifications are often required. For specialized industries like aerospace, Nadcap accreditation is essential, and for pipeline work, API 1104 is a critical standard. Always confirm the technician's certification level matches the complexity of your inspection.
Can ultrasonic testing detect material degradation like hydrogen-induced cracking or stress corrosion cracking?
Yes, ultrasonic testing, particularly advanced techniques, is highly effective at detecting various forms of material degradation. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are typically planar defects that UT can identify, especially with techniques like PAUT and TOFD which provide better crack characterization and sizing. However, detection capability depends on the crack orientation, size, and location relative to the ultrasonic beam. Specialized probes and procedures are often developed to optimize detection for these specific types of degradation in challenging materials or geometries.